ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on mortality from cancer and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) as underlying cause and comorbidity in Brazil and Brazilian regions in 2020. METHODS: We used the 2019 and 2020 databases of the Mortality Information System (SIM) to analyze deaths occurring between March and December of each year that had cancer or CVD as the underlying cause or comorbidity. Deaths from covid-19 in 2020 were also analyzed. To estimate the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) and the excess of deaths, 2019 data were considered as standard. RESULTS: Between March and December 2020, there were 181,377 deaths from cancer and 291,375 deaths from cardiovascular diseases in Brazil, indicating reduction rates of 9.7% and 8.8%, respectively, compared to the same period of the previous year. The pattern was maintained in the five Brazilian regions, with lower variation for cancer (-8.4% in the South to -10.9% in the Midwest). For CVD, the variation was greater, from -2.2% in the North to -10.5 in the Southeast and South. In the same period of 2020, these diseases were classified as comorbidities in 18,133 deaths from cancer and 188,204 deaths from cardiovascular diseases, indicating a proportional excess compared to data from 2019, of 82.1% and 77.9%, respectively. This excess was most significant in the Northern Region, with a ratio of 2.5 between observed and expected deaths for the two conditions studied. CONCLUSIONS: Excess deaths from cancer and CVD as comorbidities in 2020 may indicate that covid-19 had an important impact among patients with these conditions.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Cardiovascular Diseases , Neoplasms , Brazil/epidemiology , Humans , PandemicsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the proportion of deaths among hospitalized cases of COVID-19 in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, stratified by private and public services. METHODS: Hospitalization data for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) were obtained using the SIVEP-Gripe Database. All hospitalized adults who were diagnosed as COVID-19 or unspecified SARS, between January and December 2020, were included in the analysis. Logistic regression models were fitted to evaluate the risk of death between Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, adjusted for age, sex, and comorbidities. RESULTS: A total of 388,657 hospital registers for Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (91,532 and 297,125, respectively) were analyzed. Missing data are frequent in the database and it was greater in Rio de Janeiro, at the state and capital levels. Adjusting for confounders, the odds ratio of dying by COVID-19, comparing the state of Rio de Janeiro with São Paulo, was 2.51 in the private hospitals and 2.29 in the public ones. For the capitals, the scenario is worse. The lethality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 is at least twice in Rio de Janeiro than São Paulo, both at the states and capitals. The public or private services showed important differences, with odds ratios of 2.74 and 3.46, respectively. CONCLUSION: It appears that the worst governance in the health sector in Rio de Janeiro, more than lack of resources, explains the excess mortality of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Rio de Janeiro.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Adult , Brazil/epidemiology , Humans , Logistic Models , Odds Ratio , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
The sharp growth in COVID-19 cases and deaths has created a heavy overburden on Brazil's health system, especially in the cities of Manaus (Amazonas State), Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo. The description of the pandemic's impact has been based on absolute numbers and crude mortality rates, failing to consider the age distribution patterns in different regions of the country. This study aims to compare the crude mortality rates from COVID-19 with age-standardized rates in the state capitals and Federal District. Information on deaths was accessed in the Information System on Influenza Surveillance (SIVEP-Gripe), and the population denominators were based on the estimate provided by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Calculation of the age-standardized rates used the estimated age structure of the Brazilian population in 2020. The results show that the highest crude rates were in Manaus (253.6/100,000) and Rio de Janeiro (253.2/100,000). Age standardization led to a major increase in the North of Brazil. The highest age-adjusted rate was in Manaus (412.5/100,000), where 33% of COVID-19 deaths occurred in individuals under 60 years of age. Mortality in Manaus over 70 years of age was double that of Rio de Janeiro and triple that of São Paulo. The use of age-adjusted mortality rates eliminates interpretative biases, clearly exposing the even greater weight of COVID-19 in the North of Brazil.
O crescimento acentuado de casos e óbitos por COVID-19 tem levado à grande sobrecarga do sistema de saúde no Brasil, em especial em cidades como Manaus (Amazonas), Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo. A descrição do impacto da pandemia tem se baseado em números absolutos ou taxas de mortalidade brutas, não considerando o padrão de distribuição das faixas etárias nas diferentes regiões do país. Este estudo tem por objetivo comparar as taxas de mortalidade brutas por COVID-19 com as taxas padronizadas por idade nas capitais dos estados brasileiros e no Distrito Federal. As informações sobre óbito foram acessadas no Sistema de Informação de Vigilância da Gripe (SIVEP-Gripe), e os denominadores populacionais foram baseados nas estimativas disponibilizadas pelo Ministério da Saúde. Para o cálculo das taxas padronizadas por idade, utilizou-se a estrutura etária da população do Brasil estimada para 2020. Os resultados mostram que as maiores taxas brutas foram em Manaus (253,6/100 mil) e no Rio de Janeiro (253,2/100 mil). Após padronização por idade, houve aumento expressivo das taxas na Região Norte. A maior taxa ajustada foi vista em Manaus (412,5/100 mil) onde 33% de óbitos por COVID-19 ocorreram entre menores de 60 anos. A mortalidade em Manaus acima de 70 anos foi o dobro se comparada à do Rio de Janeiro e o triplo se comparada à de São Paulo. A utilização de taxas de mortalidade padronizadas por idade elimina vieses interpretativos, expondo, de forma marcante, o peso ainda maior da COVID-19 na Região Norte do país.
El crecimiento acentuado de casos y óbitos por COVID-19 ha provocado una gran sobrecarga del sistema de salud en Brasil, en especial en ciudades como Manaus (Estado del Amazonas), Rio de Janeiro y São Paulo. La descripción del impacto de la pandemia se ha basado en números absolutos o tasas de mortalidad brutas, no considerando el patrón de distribución de las franjas etarias en las diferentes regiones del país. Este estudio tiene como objetivo comparar las tasas de mortalidad brutas por COVID-19, con las tasas estandarizadas por edad, en las capitales de los estados brasileños y en el Distrito Federal. Se accedió a la información sobre fallecimientos en el Sistema de Información de Vigilancia de la Gripe (SIVEP-Gripe), y los denominadores poblacionales se basaron en las estimaciones facilitadas por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil. Para el cálculo de las tasas estandarizadas por edad, se utilizó la estructura etaria de la población de Brasil estimada para 2020. Los resultados muestran que las mayores tasas brutas se produjeron en Manaus (253,6/100.000) y en Rio de Janeiro (253,2/100.000). Tras la estandarización por edad, hubo un aumento expresivo de las tasas en la Región Norte. La mayor tasa ajustada fue vista en Manaus (412,5/100.000), donde un 33% de óbitos por COVID-19 se produjeron entre menores de 60 años. La mortalidad en Manaus por encima de 70 años fue el doble, si se compara con la de Rio de Janeiro, y el triple si se compara con la de São Paulo. La utilización de tasas de mortalidad estandarizadas por edad elimina sesgos interpretativos, exponiendo, de forma significativa, el peso todavía mayor de la COVID-19 en la Región Norte del país.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Age Distribution , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Brazil/epidemiology , Cities/epidemiology , Humans , Middle Aged , Mortality , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
Resumo Tendo em vista o crescente número de óbitos pela pandemia de COVID-19 no país, o presente trabalho apresenta análise descritiva inicial e exploratória sobre o excesso de mortalidade observado nos meses de março a maio de 2020 nas capitais e nos demais municípios do país. A fonte de dados utilizada foi o registro de óbitos pelos Cartórios de Registro Civil. Os dados foram desagregados por capitais e demais municípios das 26 unidades federativas e do Distrito Federal segundo sexo. A razão de mortalidade ajustada para o ano de 2020 foi calculada tendo como padrão os coeficientes de mortalidade do ano de 2019. Os resultados indicaram excesso de 39.146 óbitos para o período estudado, sendo maior entre homens do que nas mulheres. Esse aumento foi maior nas capitais das regiões Norte, Nordeste e Sudeste. Nos demais municípios dessas regiões o incremento foi observado em maio, indicando possível interiorização da transmissão da COVID-19. Evidencia-se a necessidade de se aprimorar a detecção e o registro de casos para viabilizar o monitoramento eficiente da pandemia. Given the growing number of deaths due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, this study presents an initial and exploratory descriptive analysis of the excess mortality observed from March to May 2020 in capitals and other municipalities. The data source was the death registers from the Civil Registry Offices. The data were disaggregated by gender and capitals and other municipalities of the 26 federative units and the Federal District. The standardized mortality ratio for 2020 was calculated with the 2019 mortality coefficients as standards. The results showed 39,146 excess deaths for the period studied and is higher among men. This increase was more significant among the capitals of the North, Northeast, and Southeast regions. In the other municipalities in these regions, the increase was observed in May, indicating a possible inland-bound COVID-19 transmission. The need to improve the detection and registration of cases is highlighted to enable the efficient monitoring of the pandemic.
ABSTRACT
Given the growing number of deaths due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, this study presents an initial and exploratory descriptive analysis of the excess mortality observed from March to May 2020 in capitals and other municipalities. The data source was the death registers from the Civil Registry Offices. The data were disaggregated by gender and capitals and other municipalities of the 26 federative units and the Federal District. The standardized mortality ratio for 2020 was calculated with the 2019 mortality coefficients as standards. The results showed 39,146 excess deaths for the period studied and is higher among men. This increase was more significant among the capitals of the North, Northeast, and Southeast regions. In the other municipalities in these regions, the increase was observed in May, indicating a possible inland-bound COVID-19 transmission. The need to improve the detection and registration of cases is highlighted to enable the efficient monitoring of the pandemic.